The use of antibiotics has advantages and disadvantages Essay Example

The use of antibiotics has advantages and disadvantages Paper In 1928 Alexander Fleming after coming home from holiday found (whilst sorting out glass plates with the bacteria staphylococcus) that one of the plates had a blue/green mould on it. It had a clear ring around it where the bacteria had been dissolved. The mould was penicillium notatum. Fleming after some research came to conclusion that a substance coming from the mould must have killed the bacteria, an antibiotic. The discovery was not noticed at the time, as it was extremely hard to isolate the penicillin but its potential was there. Just as the Second World War had started two Oxford scientists managed to isolate and purify the penicillin in a new interest in the field of anti-bacterial drugs, this was because of the up and coming war. A programme in the USA saw the mass production and distribution of the drug it was known as the wonder drug amongst soldiers. The extreme effectiveness of antibiotics in destroying harmful bacteria is such a big advantage in using antibiotics, but the chance that one bacterium may have the resistance gene means resistance can be a huge problem. But in contrast it has been found that the effectiveness of antibiotics can help many in their fight against cancer, with the use of chemotherapy. Since 1940s antibiotics have saved millions of lives, they can kill bacteria by preventing its peptidoglycans from synthesising, making the cell burst. Antibiotics are mostly harmless to humans as the biochemical reactions they target in bacteria are different than in animals. The New Scientist article source by Alison George describes the three modes of attack of antibiotics on bacterium. We will write a custom essay sample on The use of antibiotics has advantages and disadvantages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The use of antibiotics has advantages and disadvantages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The use of antibiotics has advantages and disadvantages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first has already been described above (cell bursts due to effect on protein synthesis. ) The second form of attack is in targeting the DNA of bacterium by damaging its base sequence therefore the DNA cannot multiply and grow, this is called a mutation. The damaging of the DNA can be due to deletion (loss of bases from sequence,) insertion (addition of bases to sequence) or substitution (when one or more bases are swapped. ) The third type of attack is aimed at the cell wall, the antibiotic vancomycin attaches to the substrate needed for cross-linking molecules in the cell wall. This then deforms the substrate and this then leads to the specific enzyme that has a complementary active site not being able to attach to substrate, enzyme-substrate (e-s) complexes cannot form. It acts as a competitive inhibitor and may be a temporary way of damaging the cell call. The other way antibiotics can affect the cell wall of bacterium is by blocking the cross linking enzyme. Antibiotics such as penicillin, methicillin and flucloxacillin either compete for the same substrate therefore reducing the number of e-s complexes or break the hydrogen bonds of the enzymes tertiary structure. Which will in turn deform the shape of the active site meaning it will not fit the substrate, leading to no e-s complexes being formed. When this happens the enzyme is said to be de-natured and this cannot be reversed. Even though antibiotics can be very effective in destroying bacteria, and the war against bacteria seemed to have been won they found in the 1960s that the bacteria were finding a way to fight back. A topic that has caused a lot of controversy and panic is the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. As Clegg describes in his Introduction to Advanced Biology there are two ways in which bacteria can resist antibiotic effects. The first to look at is the spontaneous mutation of a gene that gives the offspring new abilities in fighting back against antibiotics. This can be due to the over use of antibiotics causing the evolution of bacteria to become resistant to these antibiotics, as described by the UKs Food Commission web-page on the topic. The other way described by Clegg was the transfer of the resistant gene between bacteria due to conjunction (form of sexual reproduction. ) The resistance discussed by Jones, M and Jones, G can be applied the bacterias natural cell wall structure being too complex for the antibiotic to enter or the slowing of the antibiotics entry and then breaking the antibiotic down by enzymes in the cell or another possible resistance process were a specific protein in cell membrane pumps the antibiotic out of the bacteria once it enters. There is also a last possible method of resistance, which is the hydrolysis of antibiotics inside some resistant bacteria. There is a type of resistant bacteria that has cause a lot of controversy in the national newspapers throughout the world. It is MRSA (Multiple resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ) Its resistance has been put very well in the New Scientist article, bacteria pick up resistance to new antibiotics and retain resistance they already have. Eventually they can build up resistance to most if not all antibiotics used against them. Although the resistance of antibiotics causes a lot of worry and controversy over the use of antibiotics, an argument of advantages to the use can put be forward through the successful treatment of chemotherapy. This process goes beyond the efforts of natural and artificial methods of destroying disease-causing microorganisms. Which the bodys defence mechanism can be avoided by. It is the administration of chemical substances, natural or synthetic than kill/prevent reproduction of microorganisms by the inhibition of dividing malignant cells in cancer. These substances are classed as antibiotics as some of the substances are secreted by microorganisms and are selectively toxic to other microorganisms. Although these chemotherapeutic agents have had an enormous influence in controlling disease they have a major disadvantage. Every time a new one is used, resistant strains arise so further drugs have to be developed and produced. These new drugs should be used with restraint and discrimination according to Roberts, Reiss and Mongers Chemotherapy and antibiotics section of their Biology Principles and Processes textbook.

Migration of people from North Korea into China

Migration of people from North Korea into China People cross from one country to another for a number of reasons. There are two main circumstances that define the movement of people from one country to another. People will move across the different borders either voluntarily or involuntarily. When dealing with this topic – refuge movement, most of the movement here is involuntary. Involuntary movement is mainly caused by circumstances that are life threatening.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Migration of people from North Korea into China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the event people in a country experiences living conditions that are life threatening, they will opt to move from their home countries to other countries where the living conditions are better. This background information is very important with regards to understanding the current situation facing China and North Korea. The main aim of this paper is to present the current issues facin g the movement of people from North Korea to China in a bid to get the United States to pressurize China on the issue of deportation of North Korean refugees from China. China should not be involved in the deportation of North Koreans back to their home country. Instead, the Chinese government should focus on ways to contain the refugees while working things out with North Korea. The negative effects of the movement of people from North Korea into China will form an important part of the arguments which will seek to have China contain the North Korean refugees. It is important for China to understand that sending back the refugees to North Korea does not hold the key with regards to solving the problems that have been presented by the current regime in North Korea. It is important to understand or at least have some background information with regards to the movement of refugees from North Korea into China. This has been on going for a number of years and involves hundreds of thousa nds of North Koreans. This is not just any other movement, and the figures involved are enough to drop any jaw. The movement has not been happening over the course of the past five years – but since 2000. There are two main reasons that have been cited for this movement by the UNCHR. First off, people are moving from North Korea into China due to food shortages in the country. Secondly, China is receiving refugees from North Korea due to gross violation of human rights. A closer look at the nature of these problems proves that North Korea is well able to handle its own problems. The United States should pressure China to deport the refugees from North Korea as this will push the North Korean government to respond to the humanitarian crisis in its own country.Advertising Looking for article on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to understand that the food shortage in North Korea is more than what meets the eye. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, the country began experiencing food shortages due to the economic benefits cut-offs. This condition continued to worsen and in 1995, it got to its worst. During the summer of 1995, the country experienced a severe famine that was responsible for between 600,000 and 2 million deaths. This is about 5 to 10 percent of the country’s entire population. A closer look at the food shortages reveal that there are some people who are dedicated to ensuring that the food shortage crisis does not go away. The regime in the country is linked to the food shortage and famine in the country. The regime ensures that food distribution takes place in an unfair manner.Here, people close to the government are the only beneficiaries of the food distribution program in the country. Although the country had a national ideology where it had declared itself as self-reliant, it was forced to call for international help after the famine situation got out of hand. The United Nations responded rapidly and moved to North Korea where it established it operations. These operations grew so fast that at one point in time, the country was ranked as the World Food Program’s largest operations on a single country. There are a number of country’s that have been exceptional with regards to the famine issue in North Korea. The United States of America was the largest donor to North Korea through the World Food Program. The US was dedicated to ensuring that the situation is the country is made better until 2005.South Korea and China have and continue to be important donors to North Korea with regards to the current food situation in the country. There are practices that have been initiated by the government that have worsened the food situation. In a bid to try and control the famine situation in North Korea, the government opted for the massive conversion of land for agricultural use. Coupled with the u se of chemical fertilizers, the massive conversion of land led to deforestation and soil erosion. These have been responsible for lack of food for 24 million people – nearly half of the country’s population, and chronic malnourishment of a third of the entire population. The government of North Korea is continuously making mistakes and these continue to endanger the lives of the people. The solution to the problem facing North Korea can be solved through deporting the refugees back to their country. The United States should move to ensure that China does not deport back the refugees.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Migration of people from North Korea into China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other major problem facing the country is human rights violation. The people in North Korea continue to suffer as a result of human rights violation by the regime. Reports by both private and public organi zations have moved to prove that there are extreme human right violations by the government in North Korea. What makes it worse is the fact that this has been on going for a number of years. On such organization is the State’s Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. This organization has been conducting research and assessment of the human rights violation in the country and the reports delivered all prove that there is excessive human rights violation. The regime in the country moved to ensure that there is total denial of any form of religious, civil, or political liberty. There is a list of the various proscribed offences that come attached to severe and extensive punishments. These have been established by the constitution in conjunction with the North Korean laws. The media in the country is regulated and controlled by the regime. This includes all the media organs – both ancient and modern. Most of the people in the country lack access to the variou s media sources except from the official media in the country. In the country, there is extensive physical abuse by the government especially for political prisoners. The regime had constructed concentration camps through – similar to the ones that were found in the Soviet â€Å"gulag† system. Prisoners barely make it alive out of these prisons. The descriptions of the living conditions but the survivors in the concentration camps is disheartening. Sending the refugees back to their country is as good as subjecting them to these conditions. China should be pressurized to accept the refugees and stop sending them back to North Korea. In a nutshell, the problem that is presented by the refugees from North Korea in China is best resolved through ensuring that the refugees have a safe place to stay while the China and other nations find ways to ensure that the problems facing the country are taken care of in the best manner. Sending the refugees back to North Korea is expo sing them to the very same living conditions that they are running away from.Advertising Looking for article on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If China is willing to play an important role in the problem presented by the regime in North Korea, it should come up with ways through which it can effectively cater for the refugees. The problem in North Korea is fueled by the regime. The two main problems in the country are presented by the food shortage and the human rights violation. A close analysis on these problems shows that the best way to handle these problems is to deal with the regime directly. Here, the other nations that are hoping to resolve the current situation in North Korea should come up with solutions to deal with the current regime in the country. China’s move to send back the refugees from North Korea back to their country is ill-advised. These refugees should be left should be taken care of as China looks for ways through which the current situation in North Korea can be solved.

Make a Wax Paper Leaf Pressing

Make a Wax Paper Leaf Pressing Collecting and saving leaves  in scrapbooks and nature journals is a fun activity for families to do together, creating  reminders of memorable hikes, camping trips, or walks at your local  parks. Even with all the  tree leaf identification  resources available online today, you still cant beat using a real, preserved leaf to assist you in looking up different types of trees and plants.  Or you can document different colorings on the same trees from year to year in your own backyard, tracking how wet and hot the spring and summer were and noting the effect on the trees leaf colors that year. Pressing leaves using wax paper is an easy alternative to a building and using a plywood leaf press because the device is bulky and takes some time and effort to construct. Using wax paper captures some color, highlights a leafs structure, and the project is manageable from a time and materials standpoint. You likely have all the materials you need already, without needing a special shopping trip to hunt them down. Difficulty: Easy Time Required   10  minutes per leaf What You Need Wax paperWooden cutting boardThin towelWarmed ironLeaf Heres How Collect the leaf or several leaves that most represent an average-looking leaf of the tree species. Have a few samples of each kind you wish to preserve, in case one gets damaged. Inspect your specimens for fungus or insects before taking them with you.  Back at home, place a  collected leaf between two layers of wax paper  with plenty of room to trim and preserve the wax seal.  Open a towel on a  wooden cutting board. Put the wax paper leaf sandwich onto the towel and then fold it over the top of the specimen. A thin kitchen dish towel is preferable to a thick terrycloth  towel. You can even use paper towels.  Turn the iron on medium dry heat, and evenly iron over the towel. The heat will seal the leaf between the wax paper sheets. After a couple of minutes of ironing, flip over the folded towel and iron the specimen from the other side as well. The wax paper should get somewhat clearer as it melts around the leaf.When cool, trim the wax paper specimen to fit a piece o f white paper. Label the page, and insert it and the preserved leaf  into a  three-ring sheet protector. Keep your collection in a binder. Tips Depending on the tree species, a  green leaf may brown a bit. This is normal and should be considered when reviewing leaf color.Bring your collected leaves  home between the pages of a book or notebook, as they could get crumpled or torn in your pocket or bag. Warnings Children should not use a hot iron without adult supervision (or even may need adult help, depending on the age of the child).  Do not take leaves from national parks.Make sure your local state parks dont have any restrictions before picking leaves, such as not going off the marked trails, or not touching endangered species. Some parks may not allow the picking of any plants.Learn what poison ivy and poison oak look like, so you dont accidentally take leaves from those plants.

A study into enforcement mechanisms in transboundary water treaties Essay

A study into enforcement mechanisms in transboundary water treaties - Essay Example Transboundary water resources provide for water for human consumption, agriculture, power generation and industry. In addition, transboundary water bodies sustain ecosystems that enrich humans and provide natural channels for navigation and the carriage of goods. Thus, proper management and utilisation of transboundary water resources requires broad cooperation amongst States sharing these natural resources and agreements relating to such arrangements must allow for monitoring, dispute resolution and enforcement. Without proper enforcement mechanisms, conflict is likely and this can be very costly for all concerned. This dissertation presents a discussion about enforcement mechanisms that are available in international law for global treaties for management of transboundary water bodies and basin practices that assist with sustainable management of such freshwater bodies. I certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere. Water is important for all humanity because the role played by water in the natural world is very fundamental (Varis, 2008, Pp. 1 – 2). Water circulates in the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, the soil and rocks carrying chemical substances and energy to support the ecosystems of the world. Billions of people around the world depend on freshwater systems for their water needs. Because water is essential for human existence, access to water is one of the most complicated challenges faced by humanity today. Rivers and lakes are the main sources for freshwater for people around the world, but substantial rivers and lakes are often not located within a single political boundary. A rapidly increasing global population has presented a dramatic increase in the number of users of the hydrological

Philosophy-Great Works of Western Philosophy Essay

Philosophy-Great Works of Western Philosophy - Essay Example Euthyphro features a logical argumentation on the notion of piety between Socrates and Euthyphro, a self-proclaimed religious expert. The situation of the dialogue is based on Euthyphro’s ensuing prosecution of his own father for the charge of murder. The argumentation in the Euthyphro is largely based on the topic’s ‘definition by division’ in order to come to a mutual understanding as well as a more distinct definition of piety. Euthyphro’s notion of piety is derived from his certain knowledge of the gods - what they love and what they don’t. Throughout the dialogue, Socrates positions himself as the ignorant student of Euthyphro eager to understand the profound meaning of piety. At the beginning of the dialogue, Socrates criticizes Euthyphro’s definition of piety claiming that piety is what is pleasing to the gods. The difference between piousness and impiousness as argued by Euthyphro claims that This argument is not free of ambiguity. Difference of opinions among the gods on the same things can create a situation under which the same things would be both pious and impious, which is a logically impossible condition. What is characteristically unique about the dialogue of Plato’s Euthyphro is that Socrates uses the technique of analogy in order to explain the definitions made by Euthyphro. The analogies are used by Socrates in his effort to make himself clear while questioning Euthyphro with regard to the doubts about Euthyphro’s definitions of piety. Above all, Socrates, by means of the expounding argumentation, wishes to come to a universally true answer about the definition of piety. The definition of piety, in order to be considered universally true, logically requires to include the essence of the term. As mentioned earlier, Socrates rejects Euthyphro’s religious definition of piety arguing that disputes among the gods on the piousness and

Prospero’s Magic in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

Prospero’s Magic in Shakespeare's The Tempest In order to understand the full effect the character of Prospero, in Shakespeare's The Tempest, would have had on the audience, it is important to understand how magic was regarded during the time. During the Tudor and early Stuart periods, interest in magic ran high, and attitudes toward magic were varied and complex. For instance, magic was to be avoided by God-fearing men, but "God permitted magic partly to demonstrate, by its overthrow, his own miraculous powers, and partly as one of the pitfalls that appeared in the world as a result of original sin" (Traister 3). Also, many scholars and philosophers were magicians, and it was difficult to draw a line between magic and science since medicine and astronomy were often associated with magic. So, people sought to clarify the ambiguities by distinguishing demonic magic from natural magic, or black magic from white magic. Basically, demonic magic was performed with the aid of spirits and natural magic was not. But even that definition became muddled with complexities during a revival of neoplatonism in England. There was a belief in a world spirit that could be tapped into by magic. Early neoplatonist ideas about magic can be traced to Marsilio Ficino. He developed theories of ways to "attract planetary daemons (to be carefully distinguished from 'demons' evil spirits) by the use of music, particular words similar to incantations, special colors, and perfumes" (Traister 7). Ficino argued this to be different from demonic magic because he intended to attract angelic spirits rather than evil spirits. Ficino's ideas were further developed by Henry Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) as he divided natural magic and create... ...-48. Craig, Hardin. "Magic in The Tempest." Philological Quarterly 47 (1968): 8-15. Egan, Robert. "This Rough Magic: Perspectives of Art and Morality in The Tempest." Shakespeare Quarterly 23 (1972): 171-82. Estrin, Barbara L. "Telling the Magician from the Magic in The Tempest." Bucknell Review: A Scholarly Journal of Letter, Arts and Science 25:1 (1980): 170-87. French, Peter J. John Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972. Harris, Anthony. Night's Black Agents: Witchcraft and Magic in Seventeenth-Century English Drama. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. Traister, Barbara Howard. Heavenly Necromancers: The Magician in English Renaissance Drama. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1984.

Planning for the Future Essay

Hopes and Dreams A. Even if you have not done much research on the topic what are your hopes and dreams for your employment future? â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up? † -When I grow up I want to be an ultrasound technician. I’m very interested in the female body and reproductive system. I also love babies so it was keep me interested in my studies. I want to be able to help women out with the beautiful experience of birth and child development. B. What do you want your life to look like in 10 years? In 10 years I want to be a successful ultrasound technician. I will also make my own schedule so I can spend time with my amazing future family. I want to be living by the beach with my husband, Jason Zeigler, and my two children, Carson and Brayden. I will be in the upper-class and have a river house. We will have two dogs, Jackson and Parker. C. What do you want your life look like in 5 years? -In 5 years I will be in college. Hopefully University of Riverside after I get my general education done at Chaffey. I will also be moved in and engaged to Jason Zeigler. That will be the biggest turning point of my life in my own personal opinion mainly because I will be focusing on my major and my career, which will in turn determine the rest of my life. Either successful or a failure. D. What are you doing now that will affect the rest of your life? -Things that I am doing now that will affect the rest of my life is graduating high school, going to college, and working and becoming independent. Graduating is a huge step in life. It’s the start of the rest of our lives. There’s no more messing around anymore. We are growing up and now we must be independent and do things on our own. Going to college is another big step in what is going to affect the rest of my life. There is no more free education. Especially when your parents are making you pay for it by yourself like I am. At least I have a very good, well-paying job, In N Out. In N Out has really taught me how to be responsible with my money. It has made me realize how fast your money can disappear. It has also broken me out of my shell. In N Out has taught me how to deal with angry customers and how to talk to anyone. These are some very important traits I feel that I will need for the rest of my life. Step 2: Evaluate your Current Job A. What are the tasks that you are performing in your current job that will transfer to future jobs and your career? * The tasks that I am performing in my current job that will help me transfer to future jobs and my career is dealing with agitated people, working at a fast pace, being able to talk to anyone, and being able to do what people tell me quickly and efficiently. Dealing with angry and/or agitated customers is probably the hardest part of the job. Not only is it awkward, but it is also very agitating for you. I normally want to just scream in their face that it’s not my fault but I always keep my cool. Working at a fast pace without stressing is also a very good skill to have. You have to be able to work very fast at In N Out. We are constantly busy and having to please hundreds of customers a day. B. What are the possibilities for advancement at this current job, and what are the skills you could still learn at this job? * In N Out runs off of a level system. A level 1 cleans the dining room. A level 2 takes orders and can work the back pay window. A level 3 can take orders outside with something we call a hand held, and can also hand out food for the drive through. A level 4 works fries. A level 5 dresses, puts the condiments, on the burger. A level 6 actually cooks the burgers. Lastly, a level 7 is a manager’s assistant. They help run the shift when the manager isn’t around. Then after all those are the managers. Each separate store has 4 different mangers. They move up as well. They all start out as 4th managers and then move up to a 1st manager, which is a â€Å"store manager†. After that they can move up to district managers and then a regional manager. I am currently a level 3 but I am hopefully getting my level 4 soon. I’ve been working and learning fries. In N Out is definitely my fall back if the ultrasound technician fails. Step 3: Interests A. What do you like to do? * I love to hang out with friends, my boyfriend, go out to eat, and sleep. I can hang out with my friend and Jason for days. Probably like every other teenager but that’s when I have the most fun. Going out to eat is my favorite thing to do. I don’t really care if it’s bad for you. I love food. Sleeping is what I do in my free time. I am constantly tired so I love sleep when I actually have the time to do so. B. What is the best experience you have ever had? The best experience I’ve ever had was probably my senior prom. Basically it was the best night of my life. It was amazing. From getting ready, to pictures, to dinner, to the bus, to the dance, to the bus again, and then Kyle Wades spa. I got to get ready with my best friends and my boyfriend’s mom paid for me to get my makeup done. I love that woman. The pictures were great with m y boyfriend and best friends. We got some really cute ones. Dinner was delicious at chilis. The bus was the best part in addition to the actual dance. We had a stripper pole and all the guys got on it. This is the irst dance I’ve been to that the teachers didn’t care how we danced. By the time we got off the dance floor everyone was dripping sweat. My legs were sore for 3 days after. After that we hopped back on the bus, made a quick stop to In N Out and then chilled in Kyle’s spa. Jason and I had to sleep in my truck that night but we woke up early and went to Denny’s for breakfast. C. What makes you the happiest? * My boyfriend and friends are definitely my top priority at this point. They have made me who I am today. D. What makes you feel most satisfied? * Making everyone around me happy and accomplishing a new goal. E. When have you felt the most rewarded? * When I reached my level 3 and got my raise because I earned it all on my own with no one else’s help. Step 4: Aptitudes A. What are you good at? * I am very good at following orders. When someone tells me to do something I will get it done right away and get it done very well. B. 1. After the first set of questions, what are the top 10 careers that come up? * 1. Choreographer / Dance Instructor * 2. Correctional Officer * 3. Director of Photography * 4. Director * 5. Athletic Trainer * 6. Security Guard * 7. Vending Machine Servicer * 8. Kinesiologist * 9. Auto Detailer 10. Stock Clerk 2. How do you feel about these careers? I don’t this a lot of these careers suit me at all. 3. What are the results now, how did they change? 1. Bailiff 2. Artist 3. Special Effects Technician 4. Computer Network Specialist 5. Stuntperson 6. Director of Photography 7. Cardiologist 8. Doctor 9. Anesthesiologist 10. Nurse Practitioner 4. Did your t op 3 interests appear? What are they and why do they interest you? My top 3 interest groups did not appear at all. Ultrasound technician, Crime Scene investigator, or working in advertisement. They all seem like jobs you can’t get bored of.